Tuba in popular music. I assume you are speaking of western popular music. Jazz used to be popular music. Now it isn't, (sorry).
That being said many brass bands in the NOLA tradition have and still are leaving their mark. Howard Johnson can be heard on The Band: Rock of Ages, The Last Waltz and High on the Hog, all from The Band as well as on John Lennon's Walls & Bridges and Double Fantasy, to name a few.
The Dirty Dozen Brass Band recorded a CD with Elvis Costello as well as Widespread Panic, The Black Crowes, The Neville Brothers and have shared stages with Los Lobos and The Grateful Dead.
Their are probably many more names to be dropped, but you can also check the smaller circuits. Boom Pam from Isreal has been around sinds 2003, using a tuba for all the bass work. They do a balkan, surf rock metal mix.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-QpbqT2nuXc" target="_blank" target="_blank
In the Netherlands you have De Kift which has been around sinds 1988 playing a kind of punk, pop, brass band music as accompaniment for text derived from world literature. Here the tuba is not always used, but when it is then it's often part of the brass section, but sometimes as a 2nd bass line or just doubling the bass for texture.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XwItzXGkawI" target="_blank" target="_blank and
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SdJJvxJSWf4" target="_blank" target="_blank
Also in the Netherlands and quite popular is The Kyteman Orchestra (if I may say so myself, since I play with them, haha).
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S2AkEDNRUho" target="_blank" target="_blank or if you can't wait until there's action try 5'30" for tempo and sousaphone at 8'30"
Anyway, it's all out there if you look for it,
or better yet, go out and do it yourself!
